Urinary Tract Microbiome Check

Chlamydia is a very common sexually transmissible infection. If left untreated, chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women, which can lead to chronic pain and infertility.

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Untreated gonorrhea can lead to long-term health concerns and, in some cases, infertility.

Bacteria infecting the genital and urinary tract; can cause urethritis, cervicitis, and PID.

Bacteria colonizing the genital and urinary tracts; can cause infections in susceptible individuals.

Common inhabitant of the urogenital tract; transmitted through sexual contact.

Common inhabitant of the urogenital tract; transmitted through sexual contact.

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection that may cause a yellowy green, ‘frothy’ discharge that is often accompanied by an unpleasant odour and vaginal or vulval itching.

Candida albicans is a type of yeast that normally inhabits the vagina, but can sometimes overgrow and cause a yeast infection. This can occur due to factors such as antibiotic use, hormonal changes, or a weakened immune system. Symptoms may include itching, burning, and discharge.

Various Candida species that can cause UTIs under certain circumstances.

An opportunistic bacterium commonly found in healthcare settings. It causes hospital-acquired pneumonia, wound infections, and bloodstream infections, and is notable for its ability to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics.

A bacterium increasingly recognised as a cause of urinary tract infections, particularly in elderly patients with underlying urological conditions. Often missed by routine culture methods and requires molecular detection.

A bacterium that causes urinary tract infections, predominantly in elderly men. It can also cause endocarditis and bloodstream infections. Often misidentified as Enterococcus or Streptococcus by conventional laboratory methods.

A gram-negative bacterium found in the gut, soil, and water. While part of normal intestinal flora, it can cause urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and bloodstream infections in immunocompromised patients.

A gram-negative bacterium that can cause urinary tract and respiratory infections. It is particularly associated with neonatal meningitis and brain abscesses in newborns, making it clinically significant in paediatric settings.

A slow-growing bacterium that produces urease, alkalinising urine and promoting formation of struvite kidney stones. It causes encrusted cystitis and urinary tract infections, particularly in catheterised or post-surgical patients.

Opportunistic pathogens causing various infections; present in the environment and gut flora.

E. faecalis is commonly found in the gut. In some cases E. faecalis can overgrow in the vagina and cause an infection, leading to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, odour, itching, and pain during sex or urination.

Part of normal gut flora; can be implicated in infections.

E. coli is commonly found in the intestines. However if E. coli migrates to the vaginal area, it can cause an infection known as E. coli vaginitis. Symptoms can include abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, itching, and pain during sex or urination.

A gram-negative bacterium (formerly Enterobacter aerogenes) that causes hospital-acquired infections including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections. Notable for intrinsic resistance to several antibiotics.

A gram-negative bacterium found in the gut and environment. It causes urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic colitis. Can produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, conferring antibiotic resistance.

K. pneumoniae is commonly found in the gut. In some cases K. pneumoniae can overgrow in the vagina and cause an infection, leading to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, odor, itching, and pain during sex or urination.

A gram-negative bacterium found in the normal intestinal flora. It can cause urinary tract infections, wound infections, and bacteraemia, particularly in hospitalised or immunocompromised patients. Intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics.

A gram-negative bacterium found in plants, soil, and water. It occasionally causes wound infections (especially from thorn pricks), bloodstream infections, and joint infections. Generally responds well to antibiotic treatment.

P. mirabilis is commonly found in the gut. In some cases P. mirabilis can overgrow in the vagina and cause an infection, leading to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, odour, itching, and pain during sex or urination.

A gram-negative bacterium that causes urinary tract infections, wound infections, and pneumonia. Its urease production alkalinises urine, promoting kidney stone formation. Common in catheter-associated urinary tract infections.

A gram-negative bacterium associated with urinary tract infections in catheterised patients and long-term care residents. It is intrinsically resistant to multiple antibiotics, making treatment challenging.

While P. aeruginosa is not a typical inhabitant of the vagina, it can occasionally cause an infection. P. aeruginosa vaginal infections can occur in women who are immunocompromised or have undergone certain medical procedures. Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal discharge, odour, itching, and pain during sex or urination.

Naturally occurring bacterium; can overgrow in intestines, causing symptoms.

S. aureus vaginal infections are rare, but can occur in women who are immunocompromised or have undergone certain medical procedures. Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal discharge, odour, itching, and pain during sex or urination.

A genus of gram-positive bacteria found on skin and mucous membranes. While many species are harmless commensals, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci cause skin infections, bloodstream infections, and device-related infections.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS)is a frequent cause of bacterial infections in newborns which they can acquire from their mothers during delivery.In pregnant women, GBS can sometimes cause an infection in the vagina, leading to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, odour, itching, and pain during sex or urination.

Common in gut flora; rarely implicated in gastric disease.